OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications v2.0 (November 2024 / 2025 Edition)

OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications

The international standard for vulnerabilities affecting Large Language Model applications, autonomous agents, and RAG architectures.

10
Critical Threats
4
New / Updated (2025)
40+
Real Scenarios
80+
Mitigations
Evolution of Threats

What's New in the 2025 Top 10

Reflecting modern RAG architectures, autonomous agent deployments, and cloud financial exposure.

LLM10 • Expanded

Unbounded Consumption

Expands beyond traditional DoS to address GPU resource depletion and catastrophic cloud bills from "Denial of Wallet" (DoW) attacks.

LLM08 • New Focus

Vector & Embedding Weaknesses

Dedicated protection for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), vector databases, embedding inversion attacks, and cross-tenant context leaks.

LLM07 • New Risk

System Prompt Leakage

Counters extraction of confidential system preambles, embedded credentials, role boundaries, and internal business logic.

LLM06 • Expanded

Excessive Agency

Broadened for autonomous multi-agent systems, unvetted tool integrations, and permissions that enable destructive real-world actions.

Standard Vulnerabilities

The OWASP Top 10 (2025)

Appendix 1 Threat Model

LLM Application Architecture & Threat Map

Map the OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities directly onto your application components: from Ingress prompts to Model inference, Vector Databases, and Tool extensions.

OWASP LLM Defense

LLM Security Controls Checklist

Audit your AI application against official OWASP mitigations. Progress is saved locally in your browser.

Defense Implementation Score 0%
Tip: Target 80%+ readiness before deploying user-facing agentic LLMs to production.

Project Governance

OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications Leadership

Steve Wilson
Project Lead
LinkedIn Profile →
Ads Dawson
Technical Lead & Vulnerability Entries Lead
LinkedIn Profile →
Directive (EU) 2022/2555 • CyberFundamentals Framework (CyFun® 2025)

EU NIS 2 Directive & CyberFundamentals

The official Belgian CCB CyberFundamentals (CyFun® 2025) self-assessment and conformity tool for organizations subject to the European NIS 2 cybersecurity legislation.

18 Sectors
Annex I & II Scope
3 Levels
Basic / Important / Essential
6 Functions
Govern → Recover
24h / 72h
Reporting Deadlines
Legal Obligations

NIS 2 Regulatory Foundations

The NIS 2 Directive establishes legal measures to boost the overall level of cybersecurity in the EU, imposing direct obligations on management and substantial non-compliance sanctions.

Entity Classification

Essential vs. Important

• Essential Entities (Annex I): Energy, transport, banking, healthcare, drinking/waste water, digital infrastructure (cloud, DNS, IXP, CDNs), B2B ICT (MSPs/MSSPs), public administration, and space.

• Important Entities (Annex II): Postal/courier, waste management, chemicals, food production, manufacturing, digital providers (search, marketplaces), and research.

Supervised under ex-ante (Essential) and ex-post (Important) supervisory regimes.
Fines & Personal Liability

Severe Statutory Sanctions

• Essential Entities: Fines up to €10,000,000 or 2% of total worldwide annual turnover (whichever is higher).

• Important Entities: Fines up to €7,000,000 or 1.4% of total worldwide annual turnover.

• Management Accountability: C-suite executives and board members can be held personally liable and temporarily banned from managerial functions.

Article 20 & 34 Directive (EU) 2022/2555.
Article 23 Notification

Mandatory Incident Reporting

Entities must notify their designated national CSIRT or competent authority for any significant incident:

• 24 Hours: Early warning indicating whether caused by unlawful/malicious acts.
• 72 Hours: Official incident notification with initial assessment.
• 1 Month: Final report including root cause, impact, and mitigations.

Applies to operational outages and significant security breaches.
Official CCB Methodology

Determine Your NIS 2 Entity Type & CyFun® Assurance Level

Based on the Centre for Cybersecurity Belgium (CCB) CyFun-Selection tool

CyberFundamentals Framework (CyFun® 2025)

CyberFundamentals Self-Assessment Tool

Audit your organization against the 6 core CyberFundamentals functions: Govern, Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover.

Target Assurance Level
All Levels
Conformity Threshold: ≥ 3.0 / 5.0
Average Maturity Score 1.0 / 5.0
Key Measures (KM) Compliance:
Rate key measures to verify threshold readiness.

Framework Authority

Centre for Cybersecurity Belgium (CCB)

The CyberFundamentals Framework (CyFun®) is developed by the CCB to implement the statutory mandate for national and European cybersecurity certification under the NIS 2 Directive.

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